
Class 
Book 



,U^A 



Copyright If. 



\°\o? 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



LINDSAY'S 
SIMPLIFIED SHORTHAND 



A SYSTEM WITHOUT SHADING, 

in which the Vowels are expressed by 

the Inclination of the Stems to a Real or 

an Imaginary Horizontal Line 



By 

HUGH P. LINDSAY 

and 

AMELIA H. LINDSAY, 

Pittsburg, Pa. 



PITTSBURG, PA. 

DERMITT PRINTING CO. 

PRINTERS, ENGRAVERS, EMBOSSERS. 

1905 



LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
fwu Copies rtsteived 

JUM 21 »yo5 

Oouyrnffn entry 
CLASS /? AXC. Nui 



Copyright, 1903 

BY 

Amelia H. Lindsay 



-\ 



v 



ENTERED, ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS, IN THE YEAR 1904, 

By AMELIA H. LINDSAY, 

IN THE OFFICE OF LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS AT WASHINGTON, D. C. 

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 



ENTERED, ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS, IN THE YEAR 1905, 

By HUGH P. LINDSAY 

and 
AMELIA H. LINDSAY, 

IN THE OFFICE OF LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS AT WASHINGTON, D. C. 
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 



PREFACE 

A change of conditions in the business world, the increase in the volume of business 
transacted, and the consequent increase in clerical work, call for improved methods of disposing 
of commercial correspondence ; and the old system of shorthand, though adequate for the age 
in which they were invented, do not keep pace with these increasing demands. They embody- 
principles that look well in print, but which are both difficult and awkward to apply in actual 
practice. 

One of the chief of these objections is shading. Imagine a busy work-driven book-keeper 
taking the time in his daily work to shade every other stroke of his writing ; to shade at the 
beginning of strokes and at the end of strokes ; to shade horizontally ; and we have a picture 
of the difficulties in the path of the stenographer using a shaded system. 

The old systems also embody principles that are hard to understand ; a proof of which 
fact is the large number of shorthand students who never make any practical use of their 
shorthand, and drift into other lines of work. 

Having these shortcomings in view, Simplified Shorthand has been produced with the 
intention of giving the public a system of shorthand that will embody simplicity* in principles, 
ease in writing, and legibility in reading. As it is not the professional man or the scholar that 
studies shorthand, only those principles have been used that can be easily comprehended by the 
young man or young woman of limited education who desires to advance himself or herself in 
the business world ; and as there is no shading of any kind, it may be written with facility 
with either pen or pencil, a fact that is of vast importance. Although it is not claimed for 
Simplified Shorthand that there are no word signs, as no set of principles can be combined 
in any one system of phonography by which every word in the English language can be easily 
and rapidly written without abbreviation or contraction, the claims for other systems not- 
withstanding, yet it is claimed that it contains fewer abbreviations and word signs than any 
other svstem in existence. 



Therefore, with ordinary intelligence and a reasonable amount of study and application, 
there can be no excuse for anyone not easily mastering- Simplified Shorthand, and attaining 
an ordinary rate of speed and an ability to read without difficulty that which has been written ; 
for the principles herein given are so simple, logical, and few in number, there is no limit to 
their possibilities. 

But in order to reach the desired goal, the study should be given the same enthusiasm, 
and undivided attention, and thoroughness that the small boy exhibits in learning the art of 
playing base ball. Be thorough ! Remember, that if each rule is not thoroughly digested 
before proceeding to the next, a bad case of shorthand indigestion will soon develop ; but if, 
on the other hand, the errors of haste, carelessness, and indifference are avoided, the result 
will be found eminently satisfactory and worthy of the effort. 

And now, having full confidence in the principles of Simplified SHORTHAND, we give it 
to the public with the hope that it will be thoroughly investigated before a decision is reached 
as to the relative merits of it and other systems. 

Respectfully, 

Hugh P. Lindsay, 
Amelia H . Lindsay. 
Pittsburgh, April, 1905. 



ERRATA 



Corrections in the Shorthand Notes 



Page 21. For explanation of the word UTILIZE see Writing Exercise at top of page 44. 
" 22. For explanation of the word WATER see writing exercise at top of page 44. 
" 22. In "Letter" insert the word "may" in the expression "what you may want". 
" 23. In "Letter" the word "year" should be written in the first position of the first 

cluster instead of the third position of the second cluster. 
" 24. In "Writing Exercise" the word "highly" should be prefixed by an H dot. 
" 26. In first "Letter" the word "Bower" should be written with the R Semi-circle on 

the right side to form the word "Power" 
" 36. In "D and T" exercise the word "Truant" should be written beneath the line to 

addR. 
" 37. In "F and V" exercise the word "feminine" should be expressed by the vertical F, 

the M stem, the N stem, and the N circle. 
" 39. In first "Letter" the word "month" is abbreviated by using simply the M stem 

and the N circle. 
" 41. In the writing exercise on "The Syllable Dis" the word "Disband" should be writ- 
ten with the prefixes and affixes on the left side to express B. 
" 49. In second "Exercise" the word "Assistant" should be expressed by using the 

S circle, the ST loop, and the shortened N stem in the third position of the first 

cluster. 
" 55. The phrase "We should" should be written beneath the line. 



56. In "Frequently Recurring Words" the word "Proximo" should be expressed by 

using the vertical P, the K syllabic, the S circle, and the M stem, only one S cir- 
cle being necessary; and the word "Because" should be expressed by- using the 
vertical B, the K syllabic written in the first position of the second cluster, and 
the S circle. 

57. In Letter Xo. 1, insert the word "to" before the word "meet." 



Corrections in the Text 



Page 25. In the writing exercise on "Adding D or T after L and R," the word "Marter" 

should be spelled "Martyr," the word "Mold" should read "Molds," and the 

word "Notice" should read "Mortice." 
" 26. In "Writing Exercise" insert the word "Throat" before the word "Threat." 
" 44. In "Special Phrases" the phrase "In their" should read "Is there." 
" 48. In the exercise on "Omission of the vowel tick" the word "Entertain" should read 

"Enter;" and the word "Afterward" should read "Afterwards." 
" 49. In second "Exercise" the word "or" should be removed from between the words 

"Difficult" and "Difficulty." as there is a character in the shorthand notes for 

each of those two words. 
" 50. In "Special Words and Phrases" the word "Sometimes" should read "Same time." 
" 56. In "Frequently Recurring Words" the word "Railway" should be inserted before 

the word "Still." 
" 59. In letter at top of page, the word "The" should be inserted before the word 

"Proofs;" the word "you" after "enclose" and the phrase "of Proofs" after the 

word "set." 



SIMPLIFIED SHORTHAND 



CHAPTER I 



Phonetic writing, or shorthand, is the art of writing characters to represent the sounds 
of the human voice, and writing them in a manner that is brief enough to record those sounds 
while the\- are being uttered. In Lindsay's Simplified Shorthand, the sounds of the human 
voice as expressed in the English language are divided into three classes, called vowels, diph- 
thongs and consonants. 

A consonant is a sound produced with the lips or throat closed, such as the consonant 
B in the word BY. The consonant sounds of the English language, as expressed in phonetic 
writing, are eighteen in number, as follows : B, D, F, G, J, K, L, M, X, P, R, S, T, V, W, Y, 
CH, TH. 

A vowel is a sound produced with the lips and throat open, such as the vowel E in the 
word EAR. The vowel sounds are twelve in number, and are divided into two classes, 
called long and short vowels, each of these classes being sub-divided into groups or clusters, 
called first and second cluster, as follows : — 



Long Vowels. 
E as in ear } 
A as in air 1st Cluster 
A as in are ' 



Short Vowels. 

(I as in xick 

1st Cluster E as in neck 

AH as in xack 



AW as in law 

as in low 

00 and U as in 

coo and cue 



2d Cluster 



/ as in lock 

2d Cluster j U as in luck 

\ 00 as in look 



A diphthong is a combination of two vowels, such as the combination of the vowels 
AH and EE in the word I (AHEE). These diphthongal sounds are three in number, as 
follows : — 

I as in ISLE 
01 as in OIL 
OW as in OWL 

The above vowels and diphthongs are expressed by the inclination of lines called stems ; 
and the positions these stems occupy as they vary from a horizontal line are called vowel 
and diphthongal positions. The length and shape of these stems indicate whether the}' express 
a consonant sound in conjunction with the vowel expressed by their positions, or whether 
they express simply the vowel sound. In the first instance they are called consonant stems ; 
and in the second instance they are called vowel stems. 

A Study in Phonetics. 

In phonetic writing, the construction of a word is determined by its phonetic sound, 
irrespective of its English spelling. When writing the words BOl'GH and C< >UGH, for example, 
although the former word would be written in the position of the diphthong OW, the latter 
would be written in the position of the vowel AW, notwithstanding the fact that both words 
are spelled identically the same, with the exception of the first letter. The same peculiarity 
might be noted with regard to the words DOOR and POOR, BOWL and HOWL. BUT and 
PUT, etc. 

Still another class of words are those in which two or more words are spelled with 
entirely different English letters, but which have the same phonetic sound, such as the words 
AWED and ODD, AIR and HEIR, NAY and NEIGH, etc. It is evident, therefore, that in 
English spelling the same vowel sound ma}' be expressed with entirely different letters ; while 
the same letters, at times, express different vowels. 

In view of the foregoing, it is important that the following exercises be studied care- 
fully :— 

Pick out the vowel sounds of the words in the following lists, and name the vowel 
positions to which they belong ; for example, the word EAR contains the vowel EE, which is 
the first vowel position of the first cluster, etc.: — 

Long Vowels of the First Cluster 

Ear, Air, Are, Tar, Team, Beech, Taste, Scene, Yard, Hair, Harsh, Sane, Seam, Pier, 
Bare, Bar, Charge. 



Short Vowels of the First Cluster 

Calf, Guess, Sift, Cheque. Ten, Sin, Keg, Sang, Sag, Slid, Lend, Kiss, Kit, Yet, Inn, 
Guest, Tis, Jelly. 

Long Vowels of the Second Cluster 

Sown, Bought, Cough, Though, Booze, Door, Poor, Prude, Tom, Coon, Boss, Bowl, 
Tool. Sore, Caught, Bawl, Caught, Dole, Doll, Mule. 

Short Vowels of the Second Cluster 

Tongue, Rush. Shuttle, Could, Cur, Bull, Hull, Put, But, Aught, Hut, Book, Hot, Touch, 
Botch, Such, Joss. 

Diphthongs 

Sough, Sigh, Owl, Oil, Eyes, Proud, Oyster, Howl, Count, Poise, Ice, Bough, Pride, Sign, 
Boil, Buy, Soil, Hour. 

Mixed Vowels and Diphthongs 

Pitch, Boast, Wrong, Laugh, Rough, Fought, Pal, Rush, Pale, Red, Head, Reed, Heed, 
Tough, Push, Hush, Use, Yet, Eat, Pill. Pile, House, Laugh. 

Consonant Stems 

On subsequent pages will be found charts of the vowel, diphthongal, and consonant 
stems, written in the vowel and diphthongal positions. These stems are written down in all 
of the positions, except in the positions of the vowels AW and O and that of the diphthong I, 
AW and O being written up, and I being written horizontally from left to right. A stroke 
should never be made from right to left, unless unavoidable, as it will be readily seen that to 
do so necessitates moving the hand first from left to right to get into position, and then from 
right to left to make the stroke, thus requiring two motions to attain one object. When 
practicing these stems, great care should be exercised to get the proper slant and length, as to 
van- either would cause a change in either the vowel or the consonant. In regard to the 
length of the stems, it should be remembered that the difference in length between each stem 
and the nearest to it in size is one-third of the vowel stem, the length of the vowel stem being 
the standard by which all other stems are gauged. 

In writing the consonant stems D and T and B and P, care should be exercised in the 
use of the little tick written at the end of the stem to see that it is written on the proper 
side of the stem ; for as D is the same length as T, and B the same as P, the only way to dis- 
tinguish between them is by the use of the little tick aforesaid. This tick, of course, is never 
used when there is any other distinguishing mark that would answer the same purpose. 



Practice thoroughly all the stems illustrated in the following chart until the different 
lengths and slants have been appreciated, pronouncing the consonant stem and vowel position 
of each stroke as it is made : and write each line of the stems a second time, pronouncing the 

short sound of the vowel where the long sound is given. 

Chart of Straight Stems 



First Cluster Second Cluster Diphthongs 

E, A, Ah, Aw. 0. Oo. 1. Oi. On, 



^ V 



Second Cluster 


Aw. 


0. 


Oo. 


— 


__^:_ 


_/_ 


Daw 


Doe. 


Doo. 




•/ 


J 



De, Day, Dah, Daw. Doe, Doo, D.c, Doi. Don. 

\ 

— y \ 



Te, Tay. Tab, Taw. Toe. Too. Tie, Toy. Ton, 




L 



Baw. Boe. Boo. Buv. Bov. Bow. 



.._.! ^Z 



Pee. Pay, Pah, Paw. Hot, Foo, Pie. Poi. Pou, 



V 



Writing Exercises 



Day, Toe, Bough, Pay, Oh, Go, Veiw, Bee, Tie. Poe, Bov. Awe, Pie, I Do, Die. Toy. 
Dough, To, Bay. Paw, Buy, Owe. Ah. 

Curved Stems 

We now come to the curved stems. It will be noticed regarding curved stems that each 
consonant is distinguished from its opposite consonant by the manner of curving the stem ; 
viz, whereas one consonant is alwa\-s written with the convex side up, both in the first and 
second vowel cluster, its opposite is alwa\-s written with the concave side up. Practice these 
stems in the same manner as the straight stems were practiced. 

As the straight stems have three lengths and the curved stems four, the shortest curved 
stem (CH and TH) is written one-third shorter than the vowel stem. 



Chart of Curved Stems 



First Cluster 
Che, Chay, Chah, 

_^ ^ Li_ 

The, They, Thah, 

^_ v. L_ 

Me, May, Mah, 
Knee, Nav, Xah, 



V- k 



Second Cluster 
Chaw, Joe, Chew, 

^= ^ £__ 



Thaw, Though, Thoo, 

^ J. z_ 



Maw, Moe, Moo, 



^L_Z 



Knaw, Know, Knew,' 



^_^ 



Diphthongs 
Chy. Joy, Chow, 



Thy, Thoi, Thou, 

_ L 



Mv, Moi, Mow, 



Nigh, Noi, Now, 



Kev, Kay, Kah, 



Caw, koe, Coo, 



Ky. Coy, Cow, 



Ge. Gay. Gah, 



Fee Fav, Fah, 



Gaw, Go, Goo, 



ah, 

V 



Vee, Vav, Vah 



2 



Faw, Foe, Few, 



Vaw, Voe, View, 



Guy, Goi, Gow, 



Fie, Fov, Fow, 



Vie, Voy , V. 



U V ^ -n 



Writing Exercise 



;*.+ <<■ 



^L_L 



Fee, Now, The, Nay, Knew, Knee, May, Go, View, Chaw, Mew, Thy, Ale, Joy, Cow, 
Know, Xigh, Jew, Joe, They, Caw, Foe, Chew, Faw, My, Few, Key, Gay, Thaw, Vie, Though, 

Thou. 

After having practiced the above charts of stems and exercises mam- times according 
to instructions, begin again at the D stem and write all the stems in both charts, writing the 
short tick at the beginning of the stem, and pronouncing the vowel before the consonant, thus:— 

Eed, Aid, Add. Awd, Owed, Ood, Eved, Oid, Oud. 



^A 



1 



10 



Writing Exercise 



^ \ 



U. 



~N l 



VI -^ -/ 



^ 



Eat, Up, Each, Aid, Own, Eve. Ab, Itch, Ought, Ike, Ed, Oath, Egg, Eyed, Aim. Ouch. 
Ape, Ive, Etch, Odd, Off, Out, Ache, Ate. An, If, Ode, Edge, In, Add, On, It. 



11 



CHAPTER II 



Prefixes and Affixes 

Prefixes and affixes are a system of expedients that are used to express certain con- 
sonants, double consonants, and s\dlables which occur too frequently to be expressed by in- 
dividual stems. They consist of circles, semi-circles, and loops, joined to the beginning or 
end of stems as the case may be. 

As these Prefixes and Affixes are always joined to the side of the stem, on straight 
consonant stems they take the place of the little straight tick that is used to distinguish 
between consonants ; and, therefore, care should be exercised to get them on that side of the 
stem to which the consonant belongs. When written on curved stems, they are alwa3 T s 
joined to the inside of the curve. 

Although it makes no material difference in the construction of the vowel stem whether 
the Prefixes and Affixes are written on the left or right side of the stem, as a matter of con- 
venience the Prefixes are always written on the left side and the Affixes on the right, in order 
to facilitate rapid writting b\- following the rule of writing everything from left to right 
whenever possible, and to avoid the hesitation that would naturally occur by reason of 
there being two ways so nearly alike of writing the same word. 

In the following exercise, these Prefixes and Affixes are illustrated in connection with 
the vowel stem because they could not be illustrated independently. 

The small loop that expresses the final syllable TION, also expresses the syllables 
ITIOX, and ATION. The term TION is used to signify all final S3'llables having the sound of 
SHUN, spelled TION, SHEN, TIAN, CEAN, SIAN, etc." 

The large loop that expresses the double consonant ST should occupy- one-half of the 
stem upon which it is written, whether that stem is long or short ; and the loops SH and 
TIOX should be proportionately shorter. 

The disjoined tick that expresses the nasal sound NK or NG, also expresses the final 
syllable ING. 

















\FFIXES. 














S M 


N 


L 


R 


TION 


SH 


ST 


STR 


SS 


SL 


SR 


LS 


RS 


LR or LT 


As, Am, 


An, 


Al, 


Ar, 


Ashen, 


Ash, 


Ast, 


Astor, 


Ases, 


Asel, 


Aser, 


Ahls, 


Ahrs. 


Ahld or Ahlt, 


V V. 


h 


I 


\, 


\ 


I 


I 


i 


I 


1 


1 


I 


L 


1, 


NK, NG, or 


ING 


























Ahnk, Ahng, or 

\ 


Ahing. 



























12 















PREFIXES. 














s 


M 


N 


L 


R 


Y 


SH ST 


STR 


\v 


H 


SHR 


SL 


SR 


Sah. 


Mah. 


Nah. 


Lah. 


Rah. 


Yah. 


Shah. Stah. 


Stfah. 


Wah. 


Hav, 


Shrata. 


Slah. 


Srab, 


*\ 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


\ 1 


•V 


1 


I 


1 


f 


S] 



After becoming thoroughly familiar with the above Affixes and Prefixes, practice writ- 
ing them on the vowel stem in all of vowel and diphthongal positions in the following 

manner : — 

^ x i. - y L ^ , 1 



Reading and Writing Exercise 



T 



L^ 



Ease. Oyster, Air. 111. Our. Aster. Ire. East. Ace. Oar. All. Ocean. Ail. Ice. Is. Is. Are. 
Owl. Easter. Ashen. Owes. Ear. Eves. Awe. As. 

Reading and Writing Exercise 

- ~-\ <■■ -s . . -^ - U ^ ^ ~ ^ ^ ^ ^- -, 1 



See. Sew. Shah. Stow. Ray. Law. Sow, She. Stew. Shay. Lee. Lie. Rue. Straw. Stay 
Show. Raw. Say. Row. Saw. Lay. Shaw. Sue. Sigh. Stray. Sty. Shoe. Low. 

Reading and Writing Exercise 

■ '" X ■' \ V <-* ^ ^ I o^ S c^ K Z ^ <^ ^ 

Cease. Shower, Lotion, String. Liar. Luster. Sail. Strew. Sash. Shore. Rooster. Show. 
Siezed. Straws. Last. Shoes. Royal, Lies. Rose. Shale. Sass. Saul. Session. Strews. Rash. 
Raise. Loose. List. Sour. Less. Lash. Share. Shawl. Loyal, Stroll. Ross. Lower. Sure. Ration, 
Sewer, Soil, Shall, Stays. Stows. Seal. Shoal. Lose. Stall. Shoal. Rise. Stale. Ruse. Strays. 
Steel. Lays. 

Xote — Ir. the above Affixes and Prefixes there are three sizes of circles S. M, and Xi. three sizes of 
semi-circles (L. R. and Y . and three sizes of loops TIOX. SH. and ST . the smallest circle, semi-circle, or 
loop being written very small, the next in size twice as large, and the largest three times as large. 



13 
Reading and Writing Exercise 

\, ^ ^ X, ^ X, I, s -hp X, </ /* ^ 

^"— ,' -^ Jl ^- 'I C^ f= ^ y^ 'X *X 1 •— «/ 1<X e-» 

Aces, Oar, Eases, Oiled, Isles, Airs, Ears, Aired, Ours, Easel, Ills, Ices, Ailed, Oozes, 
Oiled, Ows, Ink, Owing, Eying, Hussar, Why, Sly, How, Ye, He, Hoe, Woe, Hay, Slay, Slew 
High, Slow, Yea, Shrill. 

Reading and Writing Exercise 



.£ e^ V g=V-7 >, c—Q L, J 



°^» hr^ l e==f £-e £=£. 



x t c=^ ~ x, ^ -x L ^ X % ^ 7 ^ g£! 
^ cl, 7. ^,\ <\, ^ -^ % ^, V. 



^^ 



Single, Slush, Lasting, Strong, Razor, Losses, Showering, Stewing, Stylish, Selling, 
Wish, Shank, Sauces, Sizzle, Seers, Wrangle, Ceiling, Shared, Steward, Wrinkling, Shilling, 
Shares, Hear, Hunger, Halls, Langour, Hazel, Song, Whose, Shrunk, Strung, Singing, Heal, 
Stringing, Haste, Wrinkled, Rule, Wrong, Wrankled, Stars, Shelled, Selling, Wrestle, Sinking, 
Staring-. 



14 



CHAPTER III 



The M and N Consonant Stems. 

The stems representing the consonants M and X are curved stems, the same length as 
the vowel stem. It should be remembered that very frequently the consonants M and X can 
be more conveniently expressed by writing the M and X circles on the end of some other stem. 

Before taking up the study of the following exercises, turn to the chart of curved stems 
in the first chapter and practice the M and X stems many times, pronouncing both the long 
and short sounds of the vowels. 

AFFIXES ON THE M STEM. 



s 


M 




N 


L R 


TION 


SH 


ST 


STR 


ss 


SL 


SR 


LS 


RS 


Muse, 


Mum. 




Main. 


Mule. Mire. 


Motion 


Mash. 


Mast. 


Master. 


Masses. 


Missile. 


Miser. 


Mails. 


Mars. 


r 


/° 




> 


f. ^ 


/° 


\ 


. 


V 




_^ 


^— 1C 


^ 


i 


NK 


LR 




LT 


RD or RT 


XT 


or KD 
















Mink. 


Mailed or 


Melt, 


Mart or Marred, 


Meant 


or Mend. 
















-^ 




" 




,1 




~7r 

















To express words beginning with S in which the vowel precedes the consonant stem 
and follows the S, as in the word SOWN, a little tick is written independently and at right 
angles to the beginning of the stem. This is the same little tick that is used in the first 
chapter to indicate whether the vowel precedes or follows the consonant, and to omit it from 
the M and X stems indicates that the vowel follows the consonant stem in its regular order, 
as in the word SNOW. For example:— 

Simmer, Smeer. Sown. Snow. Saner. Snare. Sam, Seen. 

_ -S g* ^ ^ ^ V-j ^ «l_ 



PREFIXES ON THE M STEM. 

S L R SH ST STR SL RES H W 

Seem, Limtx Ram, Sham, Stem, Stream, Slam, Resume, Ham, Woman, 

5* \' ? 



5 5 g N OS ^ t 



15 
M Stem Exercise. 

KT ^ ^U ^ ^- )^~, -^^ rf ^ ^ -^ /*> 

^X^_^ ^> =3> ^ ^ ok /^" D -> =^ \ 

Me, Mess, Mar, Meal, Moan, Meant, Hum, Rome, Stem, Strum, Mister, Moony, Slum, 
May, Mars, Mere, Male, Moon, Manned, When, Room, Stem, Strain, Master, Manner, 
Name, Maw, Mass, More, Mission, Minister, Miner, Slime, My, Mist, Muss, Mire, Mole, 
Mesh, Seem, Same, Simmer, Mines, Rum, Monster, Merest, Mussed, Mice, Mile, Men, Aim, 
Sam, Sham, Many, Slim, Mailed, Miss, Ream, Sums, Stream, Money, Slam, Merit, Mink, 
Mangle. 

AFFIXES ON THE N STEM. 

S M N L R TION SH ST STR SS SL SR LS R 

Nrjse, Name, Nan, Nail, Near, Notion, Nash, Nest, Nestor, Noses, Nossel, Nicer, Nails, Nea 

J v> UVo^^ W v> ^ ,> ^ ^_ v^v^ 



LD RD ING MD 

Nailed, Neard, Knowing, Named, 



^Q- 



PREFIXES ON THE N STEM. 

S L R SH ST STR SL RES H W 

Scene, Lean, Ream, Shin, Stone, Strewn,. Slain, Resign, Hen, Win, 



S__ 



v- ~> % 



N Stem Exercise. 



jj^<-^y(.^<.rj X_ *. , K„ \ . 


p J .> 


to <_ ^ <l ., V, V ^j, J <J 0/ J V y V, _ 


3 \j> C S 


J JvL, Uv«l'. v..y«/\/^^ 


ol.j> v-? 



Knew, Noosed, Knell, Seen, Snail, None, Now, Knoll, Sane, Snow, Strain, Shine, Name, 
Nigh, Knaws, Nose, Nile, Nan, In, Wren, Sneer, Nation, Nay, Nice, Nor, Noon, Run, Stun, 
National, Know, Nest, Nigher, Nail, Rhine, Know, Noise, Newer, Kneel, Noun, Rhoan, Sun, 
Sneeze, Shin, Notion, Shone, When, One, Wine, Win, Science, Saner. 

D and T Expressed by Halving the Stem. 

D and T are sometimes expressed in the vowel stem and the M and N stems by writing 
the stem one-half its natural length; in which case the D or T occurs before any affix at the 
end of the stem. For example: If the vowel stem is written in the first vowel position and 



16 

an S circle added at the end, we have the word EES (ease); if the same word is written one- 
half as long, we have the word EE- T- S-, EETS (eats) . 

Shortened Vowel Stems. 







1 \ 




^ 


S — 


. \ 


\ 


\ -^ 


1 c_ 


7 


°N 


? 




^ 


P-' 


1 


f\ <— c^«\ 


'\ 




■\ 


c 


'\ < 


- 1 




•\ c — *s 


<\ r- 


C-— 




^ 


1 




C^ 




1 


_ «\ ? ^ 


■\ 




</ 


f ^ 




1 < 


</ 


«N 9 


C-- i_ 


- '/ <— 


- 0^ 


._ 


1 


<\ 




a 


^ 


1 


I -^U 



r^ \g 



Odd, Out, At, Eat, It, Oat, Ought, Ate, Ed, Aid, Lead, Shout, Rot, Hoot, Late, Rude, 
Seed, Stewed, Sod, Rat, Wood, Red, Right, Steed, Rate, Hat, Shot, Hate, Write, Had, Lid, 
Route, Side, Head, Yacht, Shut, State, Reed, Lot, Heed, Sat, Sad, Said, Showed, Hod, Lad, 
Sit, Shade, Sued, Sight, Hat, Light, Road, Shoot, Hid, Hide, Shad, Stayed, Load, Shred, 
Stout, Rod, Height, Hut, Lied, Sowed, Hot, Lout, Sad, Hit, Sighed, Rut, Shroud, Shooter, 
Idle, Sadder, Shouting, Sightly, Sitting, Written, States, Sides. 



Shortened M and N Stems. 



_^ 



-N ^ 



A \ a 



I <^ X r ^ r ? 



I w 



J <o^J 



e~ c c, 



-^ j 



-j ^ a . 



Mit, Knot, Round, Mead, Met, Not, Made, Mat, Mit, Snide, Strand, Mad, Matter, 
Neat, Stand, Slender, Hound, Mood, Net, Sound, Slant, Might, Knat, Knight, Smite, Note, 
Render, Enter, Sounds, Sender, Sending, Middle, Metal, Noodle, Hint, Hunt, Steamed, 
Strained. 

Special Words and Phrases. 



Dear Sir, 



We, 



Are, 



To, 



You, 



So. 



With, 



But, 



And, 



Have, 



Of, 



V()U1 



The, 



That, 



Would, 



Will, 



For. 



Air 



Yours Truly, Some, 



Our, 

—I — 



Was. 



17 



Letter 



% 


o-t. 


/ 3 c 


1 <v> ^ 


l (^ v^o /""^ 


- - r ^ 


• ■ ^Ifl. - \ 






1 ' s 






_y c > v_ 


~rx 


" i v, 


-^ ^ l 


C /"* , . ^ 


- - ,. ^ 


- < / > 


.J 


1 i r , 


> > , n : 


r .. ^ 


f ^ — c 



r <£ /* ^ Z ^ ^2 ill _ 

r T 

Dear Sir: 

We are sorry to Tire you with our letters, but our mission needs money and you have 
not sent us any. Many of our national and state senators have sent us some money, and 
your name was sent to us with the assurance that you would hasten to our aid if you but 
knew of our needs. Will you send us your note for at least $10.00. 

Yours truly. 



18 



CHAPTER IV. 



The CH and TH Consonant Stems. 

The stems representing the double consonants CH and TH are curved stems one-third 
shorter than the vowel stems. 

The CH stem requires special comment. It should be remembered that this stem is 
not only used to express words beginning or ending with CH, but also those beginning or 
ending with J and the soft sound of G, as in the words JUST, GIN, SIEGE, EDGE, JUDGE, 
etc.; both of which sounds are very closely allied to CH. 

Before taking up the study of the CH and TH stems exercises, turn to the chart of 
curved stems in the first chapter and practice the CH and TH stems, writing them over 
several times and pronouncing both the short and the long sounds of the vowels. 

The same Prefixes and Affixes are written on these stems as those illustrated in the 
previous chapters, with the addition of the affix D and T, which is a short straight tick, 
joined to the end of the stem at an acute angle. 

CH Stem Exercise. 

^- ^2 -a K °^ ^ft Z^y ~^ / . =3 ~^-^ 1 — 5 -> t 6 g= \ r b^ — >r^S 

~s> ~* si - &_J_ ^ g^ XL <?_ -> S ^, 

Chaw. Chore, Jim, Each. Stitch, Litchen, Chink, Chilling, Cheese. Jimmy. Huge, 
Chastise, Jingle, June, Jaw, Chat, Chose, Itch, Cheated, Liege, Stage, Ledger, Reaching. 
Chunk. Jailing, Cheeses, Chimney, Chiming, Charm, Justice, Chime, Joe, Chawed. Chase. 
Jotted, Age, Reach, Latch, Stretch, Raging, John, Jester, Chains, Journey, Churn, Chew, 
Chaws, Siege, Such, Just, Gin, Edge, Jade. 

TH Stem Exercise. 

_-x» b£ f- 9 ^ ^D ur-° v^ ^ ^.. V 

They, Though, This, Those, Wrath. Rather, Thames, Thinner, Thermal, Other, Thaw, 
Soothe, Thence, Author, Though, Thaws, Their, Sloth, Leather, Thongs, Southern, South, 
Thorn, Therein, Thine, Authorize, Thistle, Third, Think, That. 



19 



The CH and TH Stems as Affixes. 



* The CH and TH stems frequently occur at the end of words and syllables in which the 
vowel is expressed by the preceding stem; in which case the CH and TH stem is used merely 
to express the consonant sound without reference to a vowel, and should be written in 
whichever vowel position it can be most conveniently joined. 



Exercise. 



W^Mr 



J'f 



In 



K_ 



7^-r 



V 



^4 



y r\ <L. 



-^v 



Pouch, Thatch, Judge, Snatch, Couch, Voyager, Cinch, Voucher, Challenge, Mutual. 
Charge, March, Change, Judging, Wrench, Ranch, Church, Smirch, Mirth, North, Northern, 
Method, Nothing. 

Special Words and Phrases. 



In, 


A or An, 

l 


From, 


Has, 


To the, 


Were. 

\ 


If, 


Moment, 


As, 


-O- - 

Unable, 


One, 


On. 


"N 


/ 




J' 




\ 


In the, 


Awaiting, 


Relation, 


We shall be, 


Let us. 




„ 


-*-/ 


c~-=' 




o^o 





Letter 



, > *k 


^ 


1 


r>o 


, ~ff — ^ fc 


A> 




/ A, v ' -^ \ y 


V 




c 


^ 


^ ^ 


J 




c 




C=^o 


v — / 1 


c 


r t 




/ c^ y \ As* 




Sy 




J' / u 


^ r 7 


*v> \ 



1 



7 



Dear Sir: 

We are just in receipt of a letter from our Agent, Mr. Charles Jones, who states that 
he has had no answer from you in relation to the matter of the new boiler you were think- 
ing of buying If you are still needing a boiler, we would thank you to let us know at the 
earliest moment, as we shall be unable to send you one later on in the season. 

Awaiting your answer, we are, 

Yours truly. 



20 



Special Words. 



Gentlemen, 



About, 



Want, 



Es, 



Wax- 



Letter 



> C / <\> - 


} 


,L \ r K r ^ \ 








c 


^ V, / c^9 _y C 


c ^ » 


C cr- 


r 1 


>r , /"H? "V, / < 


^ y 


c . e^ C ^ y _ n J 



r 



Si I 



_L 



T 



Gentlemen: 

In answer to your letter of March 16th, we hasten to assure you that we had no in- 
tention of insulting you about the money you are so slow in sending us. We wanted you to 
see the matter in our light, and your charge that we were too zealous is not right. At any 
rate, we are sorry you see it that way; and just to show you that we were jesting, we will 
change our original statement to read: " Though you are slow in sending it, wc know it is 
not your intention to cheat us out of the money that is owing" 

\'<>urs truly. 



21 



CHAPTER V. 



The Y Stem. 

The Y semi-circle can be written as an independent stem by placing it on the line of 
writing in the vowel positions in the same manner that the consonant stems are written; and 
when so written, the curve of the stem should be turned similar to that of the CH stem. 
If this stem is written on the line, it expresses simply Y, followed by the vowel indicated by 
its position; if it is written above the line, it expresses L after the vowel; if it is written below 
the line, it expresses R after the vowel. 

This manner of expressing Y does not supersede the joining of the Y semi-circle to 
stems as a prefix or affix, as the Y stem is only used to express those words that would 
otherwise be expressed by using the Y semi-circle on the vowel stem. 



Ye, Yay, Yah, 



Yaw, Yoe, You, 

_^ c c 



Yi, Yoy, Yow. 



Year, Yare, Yahr, 

~n 'n T 



Yawr, Yore, Your, 

— T^ r r 



Yire. 



Yeel, Yale, Yahl, 



Yawl, Yole, Yule, 

r- r c 



Yile. 



2 ~ -v :* 



^ — Type- 



writing Exercise. 



^> 



Yes, Use, Yesterday, Year, Yore, Your, Yearly, Yeast, Utilize, Usual, United, Used, 
Yule, Yellow, Yield, Yearn, Yard, Yell, Yacht, Yet, Yielding. 



22 

The W Stem. 

If the foregoing stem is curved in the opposite manner, similar to the TH stem, it ex- 
presses W as an independent stem. The stem is governed by the same rules as those that 
govern the foregoing stem, viz., it is only used to express those words that would otherwise 
be expressed by using the W tick on the vowel stem, and writing it above the line expresses 
L after the vowel, and below the line expresses R after the vowel. 



We, 


Way, 


Wah, 


Waw, 


Wo, 


Woo, 


Wy, 


Woy, 


Wow. 




c 


c 


v J 


_> 


-"> 


«- ■> 




-X — 


Weer, 


Ware 


:, Wahr, 


War, 


Wore, 


Woor, 




c 

Wire 




^ 


C 


C 


<J 


U 


J 








Weel, 


Well, 


Wahl, 


Wall, 


Wull, 


Wool, 




Wile. 




o 


L, 


C 


vJ 


O 


J> 




\~> 





Writing Exercise. 

^ ^_ < < => ^ -p ^ ^2 ^ wi C -^-" c sZ fa 

Wisdom, Worth, West, Wise, Worm, Wind, Win. Wide, Wealth, White, Wellnigh, War, 
Warrant, Water, W r alnut, Wall, Western. 

Special Words and Phrases. 

Dear Sirs, It will be, Well. Order, We can, Which. 



-v 



Has been, Cut. 

H ^ 



Letter 









J -IT , -^ ' \>. ^ ^ _ l> . 


1 




_ r 


-y — , I,. r **" V_ , r > Lr-x 




^_ 


I 
i 


^ / £> n y* ^ o^ \ s «T. r ' r ' 




^ 




^ /'*>■* — * * — ^ — ^- — ^ 








j ^ __M _ -J..-.. •>/..»... 



■ ■ c \ ^ 



23 



Dear Sir: 

We have made no change in our method of handling Yellow Pine, Walnut and other 
woods, sawn and smoothed to order, and would thank you for any orders in our line that 
you may send us. It will be well worth your while to send us one order, just to see that we 
can send you what you may want in the way of young woods, none of which has been cut 
since last year. We would thank you to let us hear from you at any time. 

Yours truly, 



Anything, 



Special Words. 

Much, 



Same 

) 



Than. 



^ S^ 



r 



j^l 



Letter 



A h 



^4 



^L 



^/ ~^ - 



±2_L 



~^v 



<~ c V 



^> 



^X 



4 ) <\ L 



J^ 



^ 



-v 



-^-^ 



s° , 



\ ^ 



L2 v 



T 



Gentlemen: 

Since writing you our letter of the 17th, our Yard at Worcester, Mass., has been sold 
to W. J. Mason & Sons, who will send you anything in their line you may want and at the 
same rates that we made with you for the ensuing year. They still hare on hand Yellow 
Pine, Walnut, etc.; and in addition will handle White Pine from the northwest, which 
is much nicer than that raised in the Southern States. 

Yours truly, 



24 



CHAPTER VI 



Modification of the L and R Semi-Circles. 

There are various ways of joining the L and R semi-circles to stems, and each manner 
of joining expresses a separate syllable. The following are a few rules governing these 
junctions: — 

Ths Syllables LY and RY. 

When the L and R semi-circles are written in the opposite direction from that illus- 
trated in the previous chapter, whether written as prefixes or affixes, they express the sylla- 
bles LY and RY, or any other syllables having those sounds, as follows:— 



Affixes. 

LY RY 
Allev, Harrv 



X 



Prefixes. 



LE RE 
Leo, Remain. 



*/L 



bt. 



I V y \ v ^ 



Writing Exercise. 



_L 



•x*- 



j^^ 



i 



r 



Alley, Marry, Leo, Remain, Airy-, Newly, Illy, Mollie, Oily, Sorry, Mary, Lehigh, 
Harry', Holy, Highly, Hurry, Rejoice, Sully, Renown, Silly, Chilly, Rebound, Coyly, Bowry, 
Erie, Remind. 

The Syllables LER and REL 

The initial and final syllables LER and REL are expressed by writing the L and R 
semi-circles twice their natural length, thus: — 



Affixes. 

LER REL 
Miller, Sorrel. 

55. o^_ 



Prefixes. 

REL 

Release. 



25 



Writing Exercise. 

<^ vSa ^? °N> G=^ ^ ^ , ^E s_> <\ l l ^ <a» iS? 7/ 



* * ^ 4 



Release, Miller, Sorrel, Sailor, Relying, Relation, Jailer, Boiler, Molar, Reliance, Relate, 
Oiler, Howler, Relent, Religious, Roller, Ruler, Smaller, Moral, Laurel, Rural, Numeral. 

Adding D or T After L and R. 

When an affix is written on the outside of the L and R semi-circles, when the latter are 
written as affixes, it expresses D or T immediately following the L or R, thus :— 

Melts, Mildest. 

X^ =^_ 

Writing Exercise. 

Hurts, Wilts, Alter, Melts, Charts, Worts, Cowards, Mortar, Charter, Milder, Molder, 
Marter, Mortal, Murder, Mold, Childish, Milton, Artist, Notice, Wilder, Elder, Wildest, 
Older, Mildest. 

The L and R Semi-Circles as Double Consonant Prefixes. 

If the L and R semi-circles are written at the tip of a stem on a line with the vowel 
position in which the stein is written, it indicates that the L or R occurs immediately after 
the consonant and before the vowel, thus : — 

Brown, Plow, 



II 



In such cases, the L or R combines with the consonant stem to form what are called 
double consonants. 

The consonant R combines in this manner with only the consonants D, T, B, P, K, G, 
and F, and the double consonant TH, as follows : — 

Drown, Trowel, Brown, Prowler, Crown, Growel, Brown, Three. 

J 1 I I J [ I ^_ 



The consonant L, combines in this manner with only the consonants B, P. K. G, and F, 
as follows : — 

Blouse, Plow, Clown, Glower, Flower. 



J 1 J L 



26 



I u 1 



iv 



y 



OH 



Writing Exercise. 

1 / j .1 . 



iv 



Brown, Cloister. Three, Plow, Broil, Crowd. Thrust, Troy, Proud, Through, Clown, 
Flower, Thrice, Growler, Threat, Thrilling, Prowler Thread. Browning, ThrilKngly, 
Crowding, Flowering. 



Special Words. 

Without. Been. Time. 






Letter 



^ 


<v 


-< 


U 


^ 


- V _ 


a /> 


^ l S ■•**- ^ 




^ 




k 


v. 

- 'V 


' - \ 


K r 


1 






(' 






v - 




r ^ 



^ 



a > 



\ 



r 

Gentlemen: 

Wie have your letter of the 21st in relation to the remaining h>t of old material which 
has been sold to the Riley Boiler & Power Co. of your town, and in answer to same would 
say that we thank you tor your aid in this matter, without which we would have been un- 
able to sell the material mentioned, as it has been lying idle tor a long while. Let us hear 
from you at any time we can aid you in the same manner. 

Yours truly. 



On the. 



Special Words and Phrases 

Company, When. Waiting, Please. 



To have been. 



Letter 



C 



^L 



s . ( ,_ 



*L 



^ 



j£. 






^L 



ir 



27 

Dear Sirs: 

In the hurry of sending out our wail on the 10th we sent you in error a voucher that 
really ought to* have been sent to the Lehigh Lime Stone Company of Lowel, Mass. This 
error w^as the result of crowding the mail through at the last minute when our Mr. Brown 
was waiting to shut the store for the night. 

Please re-mail the voucher to us. 

Yours trulv, 



28 



CHAPTER VII 



Miscellaneous Prefixes and Affixes 

The following are a few rules for expressing consonants and syllables that would be 
awkward to express with stems: — 

The Final Syllable FULL 

The final syllable FULL is represented by a small dot plaeed on the left side of stems, 
whether the stems are written vertically or at an angle, and on the lower side of horizontal 
stems. As this dot represents a final syllable, it is always plaeed at the end of the stem. 
The same dot represents either FULL, FULLY, or FLB; and a little circle is used instead of 
the clot to represent the addition of NESS, expressing either FULLNESS or FLENESS. 

Writing Exercise 

Powerful, Doubtful, Useful, Wasteful. Wistful. Manful, Powerfully, Manfully, 
Doubtfulness, Manfulness, Wistfulness. Powerfulness, Mornful, Mornfulness, Cheerfully, 

Cheerfulness, Sorrowfully, Needful. 

The Final Syllable BLE 

The final syllable BLE is expressed by a small dot placed on the right side of stems, 
whether the stems are written vertically or at an angle, and on the upper side of horizontal 
stems. The same dot represents either BLE, ABLE, or IBLE; and a small circle is used 
instead of the dot to represent the addition of NESS, expressing either BLENESS, ABLENESS 
or IBLEXESS. 

Writing Exercise 

y- >•• V v^ ^ v°- J° ^o V V I ^ -v i< 

Xoble, Xotable, Marble, Nimble, Chargeable. Admirable. Nobleness, Nimbleness. 
Changeable, Changeableness. Loseable, Resistable, Miserable. Manageable. 



29 



The Syllable NESS 



Although the syllable NESS can be expressed very nicely in most instances by the use 
of the N stem, there are occasions when the N stem will not join readily to a preceding stem, 
especially if the preceding stem ends with an affix ; and in such cases, the syllable NESS is ex- 
pressed by writing the S circle 133- itself, directly at the end of the stem. This, of course, does 
not include the syllables ABLENESS and FULLNESS. For example:— 

Meanness 

">> 



^>- 



Writing Exercise 



Meanness, Cheapness, Thinness, Stillness, Staleness, Staunchness, Wrongness, 
Restlessness, Lightness. 

The B and P Affix 

The consonants B and P can be expressed at the end of words by a short straight 
stroke, about twice the length of the D and T tick, joining it either vertically or horizontally. 

This stroke is only used to express the final consonant sound without a vowel, its 
vertical or horizontal junction being governed by the position of the stem to which it is 
joined. 

Other affixes may be joined to the end of this stroke to express unaccented final syl- 
lables, joining them on the lower or left side when it is B, and on the upper or right side 
when it is P. 

Writing Exercise 

■^ n V 'L v-J \_ ->- 

Cheaper, Mob, Morbid, Chapel, Limp, Lamp, Imp, Jump, Stamp, Romping, Pipe, Lisp, 
Hasp, Rasping, Husband, Chop, Jab, Ample, Umber, Chap, Chip. 

The F and V Affix and Prefix 

The consonants F and V can be expressed at the beginning or ending of words and 
syllables by a wedge-shaped character, joining it to the top or bottom of the stem and writ- 
ing it on a line with the vowel position in which the stem is written. The point of the wedge 
is inclined to the right to express F and to the left to express V; in other words, the manner 
of writing this to distinguish between F and V is the same as that of the consonant stems 
F and V. 

Writing Exercise 
-=^» — ^ — ^ — ^k S^ <J x--v "^-^n x r ^ ^ -^ ^ L 

Chief, Thief, Jove, Theft, Knave, Snuff, Mauve, Faith, Fetch, Fudge, Knife, Joseph, 
Missive, Feather, Father. 



30 



Indicating D and T after the M and N Circles 



If the S circle, the L and R semi-circles, and the IXG tick are written at the end of the 
M and X circles at the point where those circles join the stem, D and T are expressed as im- 
mediately following the M or X. 



Writing Exercise 
h d=S> s) b J 



O ^5i — & D r-^D 2 D 2 h T) ^7^ 

Chants, Jaunts, Chintz, Pounds, Minds, Counts, Pounder, Founder, Attempting, 
Mending, Minding. 

It should be noted regarding the writing of S, L or R. and IXG after XD or XT that 
these combinations can be more conveniently expressed at times by using the shortened X 
stem, thus : — 

Reminder, Winding, Mental, Mentally. Janitor, Monitor, Minutes. 

Special Words and Phrases 

To be. Ways, All, Account, Of its, Of the, Very, 



What we. We have, It is. To u< 



^-L 



Letter 



r 
~£ <= — = ^e — - ^— a -~d ^ — ^ 



.J 



« r -x ^ -^ 


v 1 U r * ' — 


A. 


\, "\ / *s i r \ 


| 1 - 

/ V > 1 * 


*\ n u 


^ 


V - N. -^ 





Dear Sir: 

The sample lamp you mailed us has been found to be an admirable lamp in many 
ways. It sheds a strong cheerful light, and for lightness and cheapness it is all we would 
want. 

But we are doubtful if it will be useful to us for many reasons, chiefly on account of its 
wastefulness in the matter of oil. When we think of the many lamps we hare had to throw 
out just on account of that very point, we doubt very much if a cheap lamp is what we want. 

Yours trulv. 



31 
Special Words and Phrases 

As well as, In this, Order, Which will, We are. 



_^_ 



Qa. 



^V 



Letter 



:=b_ 



z£: I 



C c 



J <-<5 



_S^ 



n. 



^j> r° 



'U 



\ ^^ 



-7 \ - I ^ -n 



r 

Gent/emeu: 

At tfte suggestion of Mr. Joseph Manning, we are sending you herewith a list of our 
line of yachts. These yachts are light, strong, and powerful, as well as easily handled; and 
in addition, they are as cheap as any to be found in this state. 

We would thank you for a sample order, which will hare our attention. 

Yours truly, 



32 



CHATTER VIII 



Syllabic Prefixes and Affixes. 

Syllabic Prefixes and Affixes arc a system of expedients that arc used to express words 
or syllables containing the consonants I) and T, B and I\ K and G, and F and Y, the name 
of prefixes and affixes being applied to them because they are principally used to express the 
initial and final syllables of words. The value of these expedients lies in their smalluess, 
which reduces the size of the writing, and also in the fact that, having but two sizes of 
stems, and being used to express two-thirds of the words in common use, they make possible 
the name of the system— Simplified Shorthand. 

These prefixes and atlixes are written in the same vowel positions and with the same 
strokes as the ordinary consonant stems, being distinguished from the latter by their scale of 
size and their positions above, below, and across the line of writing <>r a preceding stem. 
B and P are expressed by straight strokes, the same length as the vowel stem; and D and T 
are written with straight strokes one-third shorter. F and V are expressed by curved 
strokes, the same length as the vowel stem, and curved in the same direction as the conso- 
nant steins F ami V; and K and G are written with curved strokes, one-third shorter, and 
curved in the same direction as the consonant steins KAY and GAY. Of course, H and I) arc 
distinguished from P and T in the same manner as in the consonant stems, by putting sub- 
prefixes ami atlixes (Circles, Semi-circles, and Loops) on the left to express B or D, and on 
the right to express P or T; and in the absence of any prefix or athx, a short tick is written 
at right angles to the stem, writing it on the left side or right side, as the case may be. 

Syllabic Prefixes. 

Syllabic Prefixes, as their name implies, are used to express the initial syllables of 
words. When they are written above the line they express L before the vowel, as in the 
words Gloomy, Plunger, etc.; when they are written below the line, they express R before the 
vowel, as in the words Creature, Brother, etc.; when they are written across the line, they 
express simply the consonants themselves, in connection with the vowels expressed by the 
slant; and when written vertically, they express the consonant sound without a vowel. 



33 
Rules for Distinguishing Between Consonant and Syllabic Stems. 

1. — When a consonant stem is the first stem in a word or phrase, or when it is writ- 
ten by itself, it is always written on the line of writing. 

2. — When a syllabic stem is the first stem in a word or phrase (called a syllabic prefix), 
or when it is written by itself, it is either written above, below, or across the line of writing, 
but never on it. 

3. — A consonant stem may be joined to the end of any stem, except a vertical 

syllabic stem. 

4-. — A s\dlabic stem cannot be joined to the end of any stem, except a vertical 
syllabic stem. 

5. — A vertical syllabic stem can be joined to the end of any stem, whether a 
consonant or a syllabic. 

6. — When a syllabic stem is written as an affix, except when written vertically, it is 
written above, below, or across the end of a preceding stem; this is called a syllabic affix. 

In the following chart these syllabic prefixes are illustrated independent of other stems. 
Practice them in the same manner as the consonant stems were practiced in the first chapter. 
Before doing so. however, two peculiarities of syllabic stems should be noticed, as follows: — 

1st. As the diphthongs 01 and OU have peculiar positions with regard to the line of 
writing, they are never expressed in syllabic prefixes or affixes. When it is desired to ex- 
press these diphthongs in connection with L or R in the double consonants, the L and R 
semi-circles are used, as explained in Chapter VII. 

2d. The consonant V does not occur in words in which L or R are expressed before 
the vowel, except as it is used arbitrarily to express a few words like VARIETY, which is 
written VRIETY; therefore, in nearly all cases where the V syllabic is written above or below 
the line, or a preceding stem, it expresses the L or R after the vowel, as in the words VEAL 
and VEER. 

Keeping the preceding two facts in mind, practice the following stems in the manner 
described: — 



34 



Dee, Da,y, Dafr, 

-^ — N > y 

Dree, Dray, Draft. 

Tee, Tay, Tah, 

-^— \- \=- 

Tree, Tray, Trahv 

Bee, Bay, Bah, 

-> \ \ 

Blee, BTay Blah, 

-> s \ 

Bree, Brav, Brah, 



Die, Doy, Don, 



"ay, Pah. 



Pee, Pay, Pah. 



Plee, Play, Plah. 



Dry, Droy, Drou, 



7 f 



Tie, Toy, Tou. 



Try - . Troy, Trou. 



Bry, Brov, Brou 



Pie, Poy. Pou, 



Plv. Plov. Plou, 



Doe, Doo, 
-? J~ 



Draw, Dro, Droo, 

- / -/ 

Taw, Toe, Too, 

^ /* tr 

Traw, Troe, True, 

"- '- L 

Baw, Boe, Boo, 



J—± 



law, Blow, Blue. 



Braw, Bro, Brew, 
Paw, Poe, Poo. 

Plaw. Plo, Ploo, 



Pree. Pray, Prah. 

^ v \; 

Key, Kay, Kah, 

-=^ — ^ — v- 

Klee, Clav. Clah, 



Prv. Proy. Prou. 



:v, Col. 



Cly. Cloy. Clow. 



Praw Pro. Prew, 

"' ^ L 

Caw. Co. Coo, 

^ -^ (-- 

Claw. KIo, Clue. 



Kree, Kray, Krah. 



Cry. Croy. Crou. 



Craw, Cro, Crew. 



Gee, Gay, Gah, 



Guy. Goy, Gou, 



~r— T 



Gaw, Go, Goo, 



-' ^ -f 



35 



Glee, Glay, Glah, Glaw, Glo, Glew. Cly, Gloy, Glou 



Gree, 


Gray, 


GrahT 


^~ 


V 


^ 


Fee, 


Fay, 


Fah, 
\ 


~"N 


\ 


\ 


Flee, 


Flay, 


Flah, 


■^ 


N 


) 



Graw, Gro, Grew, 

Faw, Foe, Few, 

Flaw, Flo, Flew, 

- ^ ( 



Free, Fray, Frah, _ Fraw, Fro, Frew, 



Gry, 


t 

Groy, 


Grou, 

\ 


Fy, 


\ 

Foy, 


Foa, 

) 


Fly. 


Floy, 


Flou, 

) 


^ 




F»% 


Froy, 


Frpu, 



Vee, Vay, Vah, Vaw, Vo, View, Vy, Voy, Vou, 

Veel, Vail. Vahl. Vawl, Vohl, Vool, 



Vile, 


Voil. 


Vowl, 

( 


Vire. 


V oyr, 


r 



Veer, Vair, Vahr, Vawr, Vore, Voor, 



"T - ^ 7 



The following exercise shows the manner of writing the syllabic stems to express the 
consonant without a vowel; they may be written in this manner either above, below, or 
across the line of writing. Only a syllabic stem may be joined to the end of a vertical stem, 
but the vertical stem may be joined to the end of any stem. 



B P K G F V 

i I- ) ( ) ( 



Syllabic Affixes. 

Syllabic Affixes express the same consonants as syllabic prefixes, and with the same 
strokes. Although their name signifies a joined stem, they are never joined to the end of a 
preceding stem, but are written above, below, or across it. 

When writing syllabic affixes, if the top of the affix is written slightly above the end of 
the preceding stem, it is equivalent to the whole affix being written above; and if the top of 
the affix is written below, it is equivalent to the whole affix being written below. 



36 



For example: — 



Negro, Patron, Nucleous, Preclude. 

1 



«/- 



^ 



Before taking up the practical exercises, carefully examine the following words and 
note the peculiarities of syllabic prefixes that distinguish them from consonant stems. 



Creature, 



Gloomy, 



Funnv 



Clammv 



Brother. 



In the first word (Creature), the first stem is recognized as a syllablic prefix by its 
position below the line, its shape and size indicating the syllabic stem KAY. But as the 
second stem is joined to the end of the first stem in a vowel position, it is recognized as a 
consonant stem, irrespective of its position below the line, for the reason that if it were a 
syllabic affix, it would be joined vertically, or it would be disjoined and would be written 
above, below, or across the end of the preceding stem. 

D and T 



V 



^o S 



~7 r 



y s 



v 



^ 



>Hr 



i— 



^ ^° \ 



"s ^5 \T 



fr A > L ^ 4 ^ 



\7 



irr: 



Dreamy, Drama, Dimly, Train, Dress, Tingle, Drunken, Trinket, Drum, Truss, Dews, 
Triangle, Trowel, Doyle, Tension, Tracy, Down, Team, Tame, Redress, Retain, Trimmer, 
Trust, Drank, Drinking, True, Dross, Torment, Trite, Tree, Drought, Toiler, Town, Dread, 
Trainer, Trade, Dying, Truant, Tuition, Torpid, Return, Retrench, Redeemer, Trooper, 
Tremor, Tumor, Trip, Tripple, Trespass, Trouble, Deep, Dope, Droop, Drooping. 



Y^T 



B and P 

Mil 



*-i t , \ 



* 



.s> . /» 



^4 



JL 2*. 



r^7 



^~^- 



^ 






< 7 \ - 



^ 



V 



» / v '* ; 



~ 



^ o* ^ ^ \ J \ ^ \ S 



s \ / m ,* J ? 



JL 



^"Mr 



i ^ \ 



37 

Preach, Pale, Bold, Poured, Pared, Blank, Plot, Blood, Proud, Power, Broil, Brown, 
Barren, Barn, Born, Prune, Pure, Brewer\-, Best, Passed, Pulse, Pause, Spur, Supper, Sob, 
Boss, Spat, Sapped, Supped, Speed, Sipped, Boast, Boiler, Pillar, Boil, Banish, Punish, 
Barrel, Pearl, Berrie, Spray, Spruce, Reply, Replace, Blunder, Plaster, Plight, Polite, Purse, 
Potion, Pension, Pillage, Bliss, Blest, Wrap, Brother, Plunger, Reap, Robin, Ribbon, Lob- 
ster, Slipper, Slab, Laborious, Labors, Ship, Shape, Shop, Stop, Stab, Stoop, Portal, Porter, 
Barter, Border, Bribe, Bluff, Pipe, Puff, Pepper, Payable, Bob, Pope, Pop, Beef, Bashful. 

The Double Consonant KW. 

When the W tick is written at the beginning of a stem, it is an indication that the 
word begins with W and that the vowel precedes the stem, as in the word WEAK. But to 
express all words beginning with the letters QU, which has the sound of KW, it would re- 
quire the W tick to be written at the end of the stem; and as it is not alwa3'S possible to 
join this tick to the end of stems, in such cases it is simply written across the end, thus: — 

QUEER, QUART. 

=3 H* 

To express SOU, simply prefix the S circle, thus : — 

SQUEAL. 
^3 



KAY AND GAY 



1 



*f — =s — a t: ~^ ^' 



^p~ 



^ "* ^. ps -P *v— A — ^~ 



<~* f ^T *s =^ V — c A *~ "^^r Jo ^~ 

^ ^y~ -<hs **> *=* Y 2 -* — % — -=** — ^ ==» — ^ — J ^ — &= — £ Y 



■* r* ^ r 



V 

Cry, Grow, Grew, Ground, Grind, Groin, Cluster, Curious, Acorn, Akron, Canny, 
Creature, Gloomy, Climb, Growth, Catch, Crotch, Crutch, Clutch, Cringe, Chagrin, Regret, 
Recruit, Cure, Core, Call, Gallon, Grand, Succor, Sacked, Scat, Soaked, Greed, Skinned, 
Sickened, Six, Skies, Actual, Clannish, Quit, Weeks, Quay, Wakes, Queer, Weaker, Sugar, 
Shaker, Stock, Stake, Galvanized, Cough, Cuff, Croup, Grab, Scrub, Scrip, Crop, Grasp, Clasp. 

F AND V. 

r r -v % c r f - - - • -- -- r — 



V ^ 



sv 



V 



r l y^= \ ^ -> ** ^ ^-^ — — - 



38 

Fast, Fuse, Fuss, Veal, Void, Vowel, Fowl, Freeze. Frenzy, Frowned. Fume. Furniture. 
Furious, Frozen, France. Valley. Value. Wife. Vere. Vail, Fill. Foal. Living. Ravel. K i _ 
Roof, Move, Muff, Rife, Life, Fiery. Wave. Four. Fane. Staff Si Stall Stiffie. SI 

Sheriff, Surface. Shiver, Shafer, Fashion, Faster, Vision. Fish. Feat, Form, Firm I nish. 

Funny, Feminine, Safe, Sift, Soft, -Saved, Survey. Waif. Flip, Flop. Flap. F 

The Syllabic Single Consonant Vertical Stem 

Words or syllables that express one vowel and use two syllabic sto - - - Seated by 
writing the first stem in the proper vowel position and writing the second one in a v, 
position ; in which case, the second one expresses merely a consonant without 
the word BA— K (BACK >. For example. 

Back, Bag, G*asr, ^ .. I be, ijkc 

\ i t - ^ 

In cases where the junction of the two stems w< >uld be awkward t. • m hV 
rule can be applied in the opposite manner: namely, by writiug the first sti 
position and using the second stem to express the vowd; and wh. - -.-eond 

stem expresses the vowel before the consonant, a- B — AK 

example : — 

Back. C"ke. Bike. 



If this vertical stem should occur in the positions of the diph: _- 

be readily distinguished as a syllabic single consonant vert:. ~ - that stems 
expressing 01 and 01' are never joined to Dtha stx - 

As the vertical D and T syllabic stem is but slightly _ and P affix 

explained in Chapter VII. the vertical D and T should not be used as a final : : t is 

necessary as a final, in view of the many ways of exprt— _ 1 T at the . Fst* - 

Exercise 
si 



S S 



Plug, Freak. Brook. Broken. Cake. Look. Take. Taken. Bake. Beg. Tag 7 _ I _ - 
Fig, Fog. Keg, Bark, Cook. Grog. Befog. Pig. Pug. Beg. Bag. Bog. Bigger. Given. Flag. ? 
Pick. Picker, Back, Pack, Packer, Basket. Bike. Bake. Baker. Talk. Tal ker, Cog, Fee-vis 

Driven. Quick, Gravel, Beaver. 

Special Words and Phrases 

In reply. Amount. Fully, As if 



39 



Letter 



\ , ^ - ^ - - 



K7 



^L 



-P- 



V 



J 



^a- 



sL± 



i*4 -A^c so 



K 



"V 



^ 



-£- 



/* 






-^r 



\u -> 



V 



V7 



^1 



Gentlemen: — 

We have received your letter of the 10th, and in reply would say that your estimate of 
the paving we have done this year is not correct. We have done a great deal of Block Stone 
Paving, even since the 1st of this month; and the average amount of paving done each pre- 
vious month has been fully up to the standard. We are sOrry you have made this mistake, 
as it places us in a bad light. 

Yours truly, 



Special Words and Phrases 

Confirm, Amounts, Your order. 



■* 



ZL 



Amounts, 

_^ 



-G^- 



Letter 



>> - 




■\ 


V 


r i 




_0 K 




<N 


) 






f 


</ 





<V 


( 


< 


<^ 


) 


U- 


\ 


ok 


\ 


v£? 




r 


J 


1_ 


c 


v^ 


\7 


iUD 


»\ 


i 


1 


-/ 


3c-d 


1) 


V) 




r\ 


> 


\ . 


^r 




^ 


3o 


=*s>- 


-V- 


^Q_, 


y 




u 



< ^= — fe. 



^T 



VFe recently gave you a price on Trinidad Asphalt, which price we would now confirm 
by stating that we can ship same f. o. b. cars, Youngstown, at $4.50 per barrel in the 
amounts which we understand you will need ;. namely , twenty barrels, each barrel weighing 
300 lbs. This price is figured at a base price of $30.00 per ton. 
' We shall be pleased to receive your order. 

Yours truly, 



40 



CHAPTER IX 



Miscellaneous Syllables 

The majority of the prefixes and affixes that have been explained in previous chapters 
have represented simply consonants sounds, such as S. M. X. L. R, V. \V. etc.. with an occa- 
sional syllable, such as IXG, REL. LV, etc.; but the ones contained in this chapter express 
distinct, independent syllables, with the exception of the indefinite vowel tick and STR. 

The Indefinite Vowel Tick 

Many words begin or end with what is called the Indefinite Vowel ; and as this vowel 
has no particular sound, it is indicated by a short curved tick, joined to the top or bottom of 
the stem, as the case may be. 

Writing Exercise 



"V » ■ — ^ -r v 



-zr 



T~ 






Appear, Abound, Austria. Amuse. Appeal. Anoint. Announce. Accuse. Achieve. City, 
Leah, Xoah, Joshua. Afraid, Accrue. Louie, Apply, Agree. Dewy. Apprise. Oppress, Abuse, Abase, 
Occasion, Occur, Corea, Xaomi, 

Adding R to the ST Loop by Position 

When a syllabic stem in the R position is prefixed by the ST loop, the R is added to the 
loop instead of the stem, changing the loop to STR. This manner of expressing STR applies 
only to syllabic stems ; for when it is necessary to express STR on a consonant stem, the ST 
loop and R semi-circle are used, as illustrated in Chapter II. 

Writing Exercise 



~U J* ^^ ^2 ^ =*s S> rr f 27s; ^ ^ «\ «5V n ^V 

Strap, Struck, Strife, Striven, Strop, Strict, Struggle, Stragler, Structure, Strike, 
Strapper, Striker, Stripping, Stricture, Striking. 



41 



The Initial Syllables De and Te 



When the D and T tick is used as a prefix, it expresses a distinct syllable, such as the 
syllable DE in the word DEMAND. 

Writing Exercise 

* *- *- 1 ^ ^ 1 «*, ^ » £ f — ^ <^ ,- ^ ^ 



Demand, Deride, Delight, Delude, Demolish, Demise, Delusion, District, Distract, 
Distribute, Demure, Demurrage, Deny, Denounce, Depreciate, Deposit, Depose, Tenacious, 
Tedeum, Delicious, 

The Syllable Dis 

The syllable DIS is indicated by prefixing the S circle with the D tick, thus : — 

Dismay, Desire. 

^ *, 

Writing Exercise 

■ *~ *—\ \* "V ^ 

Dispose, Desire, Dismay, Dismal, Designate, Descend, Descry, Despair, Disband, Disclose, 
Discreet, Disagree, Discuss, Discredit, Disease, Deceive, Deceit, December, Decide, Disciple, 
Disguise, Disfavor, Deceiver. 

The Syllables Em and En 

The M and N circles, when used as prefixes, express the syllables IM, EM, AM, or UM 

and IN, EN, AN, or UN. 

Writing Exercise 



T 



Q^- 9 v ^ ^ Oft <ys, 



Imply, Inflate, Umpire, Emblem, Induce, Entrance, Instant, Infuse, Impure, Inspire, 
Embezzle, Embrace, Enfold, Engage, Unpleasant, Unfruitful, Unfailing, Unfit, Umbrella, 
Impeach, Impel, Imitate, Immense, Imagine, Engine, Immediate. 

The Initial Syllables Su, Se, Etc. 

The S circle, when used as a prefix, frequently stands for the syllables SE, SU, and 
similar ones. 



42 

Writing Exercise 



/ ^ X T " . ^- \- * ■ : ^ -v ° ^ 



Sufficient. Secure. Cigar. Secrete. Seclude. Superior. Superfluous. Support. Suppress. 
Suspicion. Suspend. Sustain. Suspicious. Suspense. Supplant. Suffice. 

The Initial Syllable Ex 

The syllable EX is indicated by elongating the S circle sideways into a loop, and joining 
it at a right angle to the stem. Flattening the EX loop expresses EXT. 

Writing Exercise 

E ? ^s^> N C N ^ ; ; ^ -^ ^> " ~ ' ~ 



^ 



Expire. Excuse, Expansion. Experience. Expense, Exist. Except. Excellent. Exact. Expel. 
Explore. Explain. Export. Expose, Express. Extend. Extent. Extension. Exalt. Exchange. 

Excess, Excite. Excursion. 

The Initial Syllables Com and Con 

The initial syllables COM and COX are indicated by elongating the M and X circles side- 
ways into loops, and joining them at a right angle to the stem. 

Writing Exercise 
^ £ * ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ " - . - \ <■ ^ ^ ^ ^^ 

& & ^ >* :\ .<- C : °^ ^ ^— ^ ^ ^ ^ ^_ L y^' 

Compel. Compute. Command. Commence. Compress. Comprise. Composure. Complete. 
Compile. Combine, Combat. Commode. Commit. Commerce. Concrete. Concede. Con gpress 
Confuse. Confusion. Confine. Conscious. Constant. Consent. Conspire. Consonant. Consider. 
Consignee. Console. Consign. Constitute. Construct. Construction. Construe. Consume. 
Consult. 

Modification of the Com and Con Loops 

The syllables COXD and CONT are expressed by making the COX loop very narrow. 

The syllables DECOM, DISCOM, and DISCOX are expressed by prefixing the D tick to 
the COM and COX loops. 

The syllable ACCOM is expressed by prefixing the indefinite vowel tick to the COM 
loop. 

The syllable RECON is expressed by prefixing the RE semi-circle to the COX loop. 

The syllables INCOM, INCON, CNCOM, UNCON, IXEX. and CNEX, are expressed by 
disjoing the COM. COX and EX loops and writing them close to the beginning of the stem. 
When writing UNCONS, the S circle should be written on the COX loop instead of the stem. 



43 



Writing Exercise 



^ < 


A, 


^S /*V„ 


<> 


<Ao 


yi - 


/^V_ ^c 




\j y 


C 




^•v_ V« u^~^ £p*^ V t - 5, £^v; 



^ ^ — «fi-V 

Contain, Contemp, Contemplate, Condemn, Condense, Continue, Contained, Decompoe, 
Discompose, Disconnect, Discontinue, Discomfort, Accommodate, Accommodation, Accomplish, 
Reconsider, Reconstruct, Reconsign, Uncommon, I ncommonness, Unconcern, Unconscious, 
Incompetent, Incompatible, Inconceivable, Inconsiderate, Inconsistent, Inconstant, 
Incontestable. Unexpired, Inexperienced, Inexhaustible, Inexpert. 

The Final Syllable Ment. 

The final s\Tlables MEXT and MOXD, are expressed by joining a small loop at aright 
angle to the end of stems. 

Writing Exercise 

Z_ x ^ _ ^ ^ I *V *£ cy ^ o 



~ 



TT^ 



Shipment, Moment, Basement, Ailment, Casement, Judgement, Management 
Amusement, Statement, Lodgement, Impeachment, Investment, Infringement, Diamond. 

The Final Syllable Tive and Its Modifications 

The final syllable TIVE is expressed by writing a Y-shaped character independently at 
the end of stems. This character may be modified to express TIVEXESS or TIVELY by 
writing the S circle or the LY semi-circle on the outside of the right-hand stem of the V. 

Writing Exercise 

X ^u ^ ^ , — ^ t* ^^ ** X.. p 

V '^ ^~ x^ v. 

Active, Plaintive, Fugitive, Abortive, Vindictive, Incentive, Authoritative, Negative, 
Formative, Furtive, Elective, Collective, Indicative, Laxative. Penetrative, Productive, 
Protective, Activeness, Plaintiveness, Yindictiveness, Xegativeness, Collectiveness, 
Productiveness, Plaintively, Abortively, Vindictively, Authoritatively, Negatively, Furtively, 
Electively, Collectively, Productively, Actively. 

Adding D or T Before an Affix 

If an affix is written directby on the end of a stem, it indicates the addition of D or T 
before the affix. In the case of curved stems, if the affix is a circle or loop, it is written on 
the back of the curve. 



44 

It will be noticed in the following exercise that a few words ending in TV are expressed 
by writing the indefinite vowel tick at the end of and on a line with the stem to which it is 
joined, which is in accord with the above principle. When so written on straight stems, the 
tick should be inclined towards whichever side of the stem the consonant belongs. 



Writing Exercise 



^-A 



f 



s, ^ ^ 



Better. Battle. Bottle. Button. Fatten. Fighter. Figbty. Pity. Cotton. Cattle, Fattest. 
Fittest, Floater, Flighty, Beauty. Boodle, Brittain. Evident. Confident. Butter, Brutal. 
Teddie, Data, Flitter, Duty, Giddy, Gaudy. Paddle. Puddle, Body, Putty. 

Special Words 

Up, Acknowledge. 

* 

Letter 



_ 



> — "P ■ /v >- , 1 - „ V ■ - - g / i - 

— ! — ~^~ = * =y ■, 7~ ^} <~L / 



\-^ 



Gentlemen: 

We enclose Cash Report No. 3, with Vouchers, and also Cashier s Advice of Entry up 
to and including March 15th, the receipt of which please acknowledge. 

Yours truly. 

Special Phrases 

Desire to, Call vour attention. Fact that. I have, Pleased to, You have been, For the. 

-*, ^ ^ ^ = J 

Will be, I have been, You are, In their. 
cz ^-H «=V 5j 



Letter 

^ - — ^j — / — ^.. ^ ' ^ >' 7 *sz *— 






Vo / ^ £> 



^ -33 1 C ^ ^S t ^ ^ — - 



-^&- 



I ^ 



45 

Gentlemen: 

> 

/ desire to call your attention to the fact that I have disposed of my printing business 
to Messrs. J. T. Strickler & Company, who will be pleased to receive the same patronage you 
have been affording me for the past two years. 

Messrs. Strickler & Company are enterprising up-to-date printers, having been in the 
printing business for the past ten years; and their work will be fully up to the standard of 
excellence tor which I have been noted, as they will have the same type and presses that I 
have been using, and will exercise the same care in turning out their work. 

Yours truly, 

The Initial Syllables COUNTER, CONTRA, and CONTRO 

The initial syllables COUNTER, CONTRA, and CONTRO are expressed by writing a 
short straight tick across the beginning of the stem that is used to express the following 
syllable. 

Exercise 

*- t, c^-^-^-V^ ^ i — * — ■ 

Countersign, Contradict, Controversy Controvert, Countermand, Contradiction, 
Counterfeit, Countercharge, Countersink, Contradicting, Contravene, Counterpart, 
Counterpoise, Contraband. 



46 



CHAPTER X 



Abbreviated Writing 

By means of the principles that have been learned up to this point, the student could 
attain a speed of from 75 to 1<><> words per minute, providing a few word signs and phrases 
would be used to express the most frequently recurring words and expressions : and the result 
would be a simple, easily-written, and easily-read system of shorthand, which would answer 
all purposes oi personal notes or slow dictation, and which might be termed the Simple 
style of writing. 

But the experience - _:aphers in the past points to the fact that the greater the 

speed limit oi the writer, the more accurate and legible are the notes. It will be readily 3 
that the stenographer, capable <A writing 150 words per minute, will write 100 words per 
minute with so much more ease than the one whose speed limit is but loo words that the 
former's notes will be far more accurate, and. consequently, more legible: and legibility is an 
important factor in shorthand writing. It is important, therefore, that the student be taught 
- stem of abbreviations that will shorten the writing without injury to its legibility; and 
to that end, the following chapter has been written. 

But as the ability to read shorthand readily depends upon the accuracy of the writing. 
before taking up the study of abbreviations it is well to note a few facts regarding the main 
factor in accurate shorthand writing; namely, the sizes of stems, and prefixes and affixes. 

In the first place, as the consonants are the framework of all words, it is very important 
to know without a perad venture just which consonant each stem is supposed to represent : 
and in order to preclude all doubt, it is well to make as great difference as possible between 
the sizes of the stems. Therefore, make the large size of each class of stems a little larger than 
standard, and make the small size a little smaller: in other words, exaggerate the size of the 
. ?tem. By using the Syllables this can readily l>e done, as the system is then practically 
reduced to two sizes of stems, except in the positions of the diphthongs 01 and 01". which, 
fortunately, are not frequently used in connection with other vowels. 

Although the size nrcles, semi-circles, and loops depends largely upon the size of the 
stems upon which they are written, yet their proportion of size should be carefully preserved. 
For example : The circle X is made much smaller on a shortened vowel stem than on a full 
lei [jth vowel stem, the difference in size of the shortened vowel stem making it impossible to 
make the circle full size yet it should be borne in mind that even on a shortened vowel stem 
the X circle is larger than the M circle, and the latter larger than the S circle. 



47 

It should be further noticed in regard to the sizes of stems and prefixes and affixes that 
in shorthand, as in longhand, there is an individuality in each person's writing that renders 
it wellnigh impossible to establish a standard of size that will suit even-one. In longhand, 
for instance, while one person will write a very tall small letter "1," another person will 
write a very short one; yet at the same time the "1" must be made enough taller than the 
small letter "e" to be distinguishable. While writing shorthand, therefore, although the 
standard of size may differ according to the individuality of the writer, it is imperative that 
a uniformity be preserved throughout. 

Regarding the legibility of shorthand, we merely remark in passing that when long- 
hand is carelessly written it is just as illegible as the shorthand notes of the most inexperi- 
enced stenographer; an example of which is the famous handwriting of Horace Greeh", which 
could only be read b}- his proof reader, and that onry because of the proof reader's great 
familiarity with it. It is therefore absurd to expect within the short space of five or six 
months to learn to read shorthand with the same facility that we read longhand, which we 
have been studying, practicing and using for many years, and with which we are as familiar 
as with the words we speak. 

The AL and AR Prefixes 

In the Simple style of writing, when the L or R semi-circles are written at the 
beginning of a stem, it indicates simply that the syllable expressed by that stem begins with 
L or R and that the vowel precedes the stem, as in the words RIPE, ROOF, etc. 

In abbreviated writing, however, the L and R semi-circles, when written as prefixes, 
in addition to the foregoing, express also the initial syllables AL, IL, or UL, and AR, OR or 
UR; in fact, they express all initial syllables that begin with a vowel and end with L or R. 

To illustrate: If the B syllabic is written across the line in the AH vowel position, 
and begins with an R semi-circle, it expresses, in the Simple style, simply RAB; but in 
the abbreviated style, it would express both RAB and ARAB, although only the latter word 
would convey any meaning. 

Exercise on the AL Prefix 



^ C^, cA ^ <J q . P 



*n °s £ — ^ — l s^_ ^ r *\ ^ 



-W W \ ^ s — f [ i <^ -2- 

o 

Alarm, Elaborate, Elect, Illustrate, Electrical, Alcohol, Elapse, Elected, Electricity, 
Eligible, Along, Illustrious, Election, Alike, Elevate, Alone, Aloud, Allege, Eliminate, Alto- 
gether, Legible, Although, Alliance, Ultimate, Already, Allowance, Illness, Elegant, Elevation, 
Alive, Almost, Allege, Elective, Alternative, Elder, Older, Eldest, Alternate, Ultimatum, Help, 
Helper, Helplessness, Hilltop, Holder. 

Exercise on the AR Prefix 



3 % ^^1 g ^ ^ 



48 

Arab, Eradicate, Originality, Arm, Originate, Arbitrary, Originator, Arbitration, 
Arbitrator, Erase, Argument, Erasure, Erect, Artificial, Irrigate, Erection, Around, Harm, 
Ordain, Urge, Ordinary, Arouse, Urgent, Harmony, Hereafter. 

It is not advisable to use the foregoing principle to express all initial syllables ending 
in R or L; some should be expressed by the vowel stem, and others should be indicated by 
using the Indefinite Vowel Tick. .The latter is especially true of the words IRREGULAR, 
IRREGULARITY, ILLEGAL, ILLEGIBLE, and ILLOGICAL, to distinguish them from 
their opposites: REGULAR, REGULARITY, LEGAL, LEGIBLE, and LOGICAL. The fol- 
lowing contains a few examples of the exceptions. 



Exercise 



_z^ 



^ "V I ^ ^ ^ O t^ 



- ^ -^b ^L-^ *j-^ *— 4, ^ to Q \ ~^ J s*l - 

Holiday, Ulterior, Wholesome, Irregularity, Illegible, Harry, Irregular, Arsenal, Illegal, 
Illogical, Irrespective, Erie, Irresponsible. 

Omission of the Vowel Tick. 

The little straight tick that is written at right angles to the stem in the Simple 
style to indicate the fact of the vowel preceding the consonant, can be safely omitted in fre- 
quently recurring words without affecting the legibility of the writing, especially if the notes 
are otherwise accurately written. 

Exercise 



X, 






^=V 



*r 



Ending, Equalize, Unreasonable, Answer, Endeavor, Anticipate, Enterprise, Until, 
Analyze, Effort, Entertain, Evident, Open, Anticipation, Operate, Under, Indebted, Occupy, 
Absolute, Indifferent, Operation, Undecided, Absorb, Application, Afterward, Eagerly, Oppo- 
sition, Interfere, Eager, Aptly, After, Average, Opposite, Interrupt, Affirmation, Intimate, 
Other, Act, August, Inside, Obtain, Obligation, Observe, Obstruct, Unless, Only. 

Abbreviations 

In shorthand writing, to abbreviate a word means to omit some of its sounds. Most 
words are abbreviated b}- expressing the first or second s^dlables, or even, in some cases, by 
expressing merely the first consonant sound and the following vowel, as in the word FIND, 
which is abbreviated FI; for if the first syllable or the first sound of a word be clearly indi- 
cated, the rest will suggest itself, especialby if it has been otherwise accurately written. No 
word should be abbreviated, however, unless it occurs frequently enough to cause its short- 
hand equivalent to become familiar to the eye. 



49 



Exercise 



1 i *- ^ -* 

- *AwVJ, — ' ^ — =N — 7^~f =^ 1 ^r %* 

- n 6* ^ fe r c (T l^ s s ~ ^ ^ ^ v v v 

T 



— A K^ r-r-Trr- c ' 



Even, Bound, Convince, Convenience, Inconvenience, Unconvinced, Account, Can, 
Came, Come, Could, Quick, Been, Acknowledge, Acknowledgment, Incline. Claim, Volume, 
Pennsylvania, Success or Successful, Unsuccessful, Duplicate, Form, Inform, Information, 
Differ, Different, Difference, Necessary, Necessarily, Unnecessarily, Necessitate, Depart, Depart- 
ure, Department, Public. Mark, Market. Begin, Began, Begun, Became. Become, That, Con- 
tract, Contracts, Contractor, Contractors, Contracting-, Month, Thousand, Insist. 



Exercise 



2± 



il 



\ \ i *> **-■ 7* z» x / \ r r i i \ j r ^ . 






V 

Produce, Protest, Policy. Abundant, Profit, Private, Provide, Again, Sharp, Found, 
Foundation, Announce, Inquire, Inquiry, Require, Difficult or Difficulty, Beyond, Advantage, 
Advantageous, Advantageously, Question, Unquestionable, Propose, Proposal, Conservative, 
Do or Doing, Traffic, Confused, Confusion, Part, Particular, Example, Examine, Perhaps, 
Process or Proposes, Present, Represent, Representative, Expect, Unexpectedly, Inspect, 
Inspection, Inspector, Amount or Amounting, Assignment, Assist, Assistant, Appear, Quan- 
tity, Quality. 

Exercise 




^" "- il\ - 



1 N S v 



New York. First, Square, Furnish. Proportion. Deliver. Delivered, Delivery. Delivering, 
Tendencv, Cover or Covering, Discover, Heavy, Motive, Yard, Through, Pay, Obey. Today, 
Put, Street, Anyone. Else. Railroad. Directly, Obscure. Quarter, England, English. Nearly, 
Aside, Fact, Think or Thing, Thank or Thanking, Find, Time, Hand, Must or Most, Kind or 
Kindly, Good, Get. Regret. Regard. During. Attention, Oblige, Impossible, Believe, Above, 
Object or Objection, Opportunity, Approve, Improvement, Below, Belong, Purpose. Nothing, 
Everything. 



50 



Exercise 



^ M U ' r-, V V^ ^ ,, 



^'° °* / / 

g g, V^ ^ i g. ■ 7^~ 2^2 a ^ t <l a. g 



rrr7 



^ - b *< ^ ^ ^ ^ ■ - 

Satisfactory, Satisfactorily. Satisfaction. Put. Do or Due. May. Manufacture. Manu- 
facturer. Manufacturing, Anxious. Anxiety, Anxiously, About. Appoint. Appointment. Re- 
quest. Respect. Responsible, Company. Correspondence. Connect. Communicate. Neverthe- 
less, Favor. Gentlemen. Consequently. Accompany, Concern or Concerning, Distinguish, Dis- 
tinguishing. Work. Confident. Confidence. Confidential. Ever or Every. Over. Learn, Almost. 
Forgotten, Subject, Any. However, Both. Next. During. 

Special Words and Phrases 

Please find. In duplicate, Will you, It may be, Sometimes, Will have. Before. 
^ x3 ^ 



Letter 



z2_ 



X >■*= * ^ * 5 ^ =* ^~ \ 



A, ^i 



O V 



^ ^a ■= £h I \^^ !^-C ^^-a v_ 



\ 



^ — ! ' * — "= 7 V 



J^ 



**■ 



g g - CL I l_ L — ^^,— — « ^ s^ - 



\ 



V 



^ 



*=V 



Dear Sir: 

Enclosed please find contract in duplicate, dated this day. with Thomas Prosser of 
Carnegie, Pa., calling lor 21,000 Mack Repressed Block tor use in paving Dinwiddle Avenue 
in the Borough of Crafton. Pa. Will you please have the proper signature attached to this 
and forward a copy to this otSce that it may be turned over to Mr. Prosser. 

Mr. Prosser also gave us. at the same time, an order on the Council of Crafton for 
payment of the Block. This order T will have accepted by the Council and forward a copy 
to you. 

He will not be m position to have shipment begin before the first of next week. 

Yours trulv. 



51 



CHAPTER XI 



Word Signs, Phrases and Miscellaneous 



If the preceding chapters have been thoroughly mastered, no difficulty should be ex- 
perienced with the exercises in this chapter, as they are merely a practical application of the 
principles that have already been learned, except as to the word signs and phrases. 



Word Signs 

A word sign is a small sign that is used to express a word that would be awkward to 
write according to principle, and which occurs frequently enough to admit of a departure 
from the rule, and the words so expressed are called sign words. We would caution the 
writer about adopting any word signs not contained in the following list; for if the princi- 
ples are not strictly adhered to, the writing will become a system of hieroglyphics, the legi- 
bility of which will be limited to the memory of the writer. 



Where or 


W 


ere 


\ 


On 


Well 


1 


A or An 


What 






/ 


To 


Want 






^ 


To the 


Way 






— 


And 



Are 
Our 
Would 
Or 

Will 



When 

One 

All 

We 

Went 



52 



If 








Have 






v. 


Same 






) 


Seem 






( 


For 


r 


Of 


- 


Is 






^ 


His 









In a or 


In 


an 


-^_ 


On a or 


On an 


-U_ 


Which 






JL-l_, 


In the 






<■ 



On the 

Was 

So 

In 

Much 

Some 

Such 

With 

The 

As 

Has 

Very 



From 
Also 

Within 
Before 

Into or Unto 

Hereunto 
Then 

Than 
Them 

Themselves 
Whom 

Work 



Phrases 



Phrasing is an important branch of shorthand. It frequently occurs in oratory, and 
even in commercial dictation, that two or more small words are pronounced with one inflec- 
tion of the voice; and when writing these expressions, if any speed is to be attained, they 
should be blended in the same manner as they are pronounced. This is called phrasing. 

It will be noticed in the following list of phrases that the word A is phrased with other 
words in many instances by using the Indefinite Vowel Tick. This little tick can only be 
used in this manner when there is no other prefix or affix. 



Which is or Which has a_ 

Which is used >^ 

Which was 6_ 

Which are o 

Which were fc_ 

Which will 2_ 



Should we 
Shall we 
May we 
Can we 
Could we 
As we will 



Will this ^ 

Will it . ^_ 

Will be _^_ 
Will not ^ 

Doing so 



V 1 



To his 



53 




■\ 






A- 









To us 

With his or with us 

On his 

On us 

To his 

To us 

What is 

What was 

Which is 

Which was 

To that 

For that 

From that 

Find that 

Know r that 

Hope that 

If our 

For our 

Of our 

In our 

May our 

In that 

In this 

In it 

In case 

In every 

In regard 






AT 



^A, 



^ 



2b 



Sjl. 



At 



54 







That was 
You will 
Yon are 

You would 
You were 
You have 

Will YOU 

Are you 
Would you 
Were you 
Have you 
Will you 
Are you 

To YOU 

Have yon 

( )f you 
If you 
But you 
By you 
With you 
Which you 
Thanking you 
Have them 
From them 
For them 
As follows 
To be able 


V, 


In view 




s 


We mav 




In fact 


s- 

\ 


We must 


*> 


In order to 


We can 




If any 




> 


We could 


/ 


If this is 




( 
7 


We do not 


c 


If it is 


-1 


We had 




If by this 


We had been 


V, 


If vour 


We would say that 




For vour 




— ^N 




We beg to 


c 


Of your 


We shall be 


b 


Have vour 




t 




We will have 




From vour 




u 




We will not 


Y, 


At vour 




-7 




We will do 


L 


On vour 




1 




We will be 


<o 


To vour 




"* 




Will we 





With vour 




\_ 




When we 


"^ 


If you will 




U 




Are we 




For have we 








Would we 


— — 


\ few 


Were we 


\_ 


\ fact that 




s 




Have we 









-=^r- 




And we 


^ 


A cause 


I am enabled 


c 


A manner 


I am unable 








U' 




We are unable 


o 


Have a 




_^ 


I am fully 












You are able 




Would a 







"\ 



\ 



\ 





*\. 


To be able 

To be the 

In about 

In replv to 

In replying to yours 

In replv to yours 

In replv to your letter 

Replying to yours 

Replying to v our letter 

There is no 

All of the 

Such a 

In connection 

All right 

We shall 

We shall be 

I shall 

I shall be 

They will be 

Shall be 

Shall have 

Shall it 

We should 

I should 

It will be 




Can a 
Such a 
In fact a 
We are able 
We are fully 
He is able 
We fully 
In full 
I am able 
I have been able 
We have been able 
We are not able 
We are unable 
They should 
You should 
State that 
Request that 
Fact that 
This City 
Amounting to 
According to 
Dear Sir 
Very truly 
Your favor 
Yours truly 


55 


You were able 


V 




7\ 




You are fully _ 


C 




■4 


We are not fully _ 


^~y 


\Ye were fully 


°->> 










I send you 


°~? 


^ 




°^v ... 


^ 


I remain _ 






We sell 


' 


We send you 


<•< 


6 


At least 




At last 


~ 






Y 


In every respect 








</■ 


Call your attention 


t? 


-T^ 


Yours respectfully 


■*-? 


^ 


As per 








^ 


In duplicate 


-e 








I 


Our own 


-€— 




Railroad Company 


b 




Manufacturing Company 


Vr- 


I 

^3 


Understood that 




r 

) 


Understand that 






\ 




They have been 


s~ 










Should not have been 


-*> 


"*» 


Your order 




!? 




^e_ 




This will be 


_^ 


C \ 




s 


We remain 






F 



NOTE— The word signs AND, A, WITH, and THE, or phrase signs beginning with 
those words, may be phrased with other words by writing the sign close to and on a line 
with the beginning or end of the stem with which it is being phrased, and writing it at the 
same angle as when written by itself. 



L.QF 



56 

In phrasing the word A with other words, the foregoing rule does not take the place of 
the Indefinite Vowel Tick whenever the tick can l>e conveniently used. 

A change. But with. Must a. Can a. And each. And the charge. And with this. 



~V 



S*- 



Frequently Recurring Words 



- a? 






— -. w "— , **- 1 \ -s. " — ^ ~^* . -'■ 5 


— ^e ^- 


<k 








e 


1 <_ 


> I V ,\ - b , s S 


V r 


1 \ 


^ \ 




^*7 




C 


.» " J \. j> - £ 


y <: V 




"V 








Gotten. Another. Finish. Final. Field. Ability. Build. Appear, Apparent, Occasion, 

Easy. Easily. Easier. Issue. Ultimo, Instant. Proximo, Contain. Contents, Powder. Passen- 
ger. Beyond. Behind. Because. Move, Remove, Matter. Material. Ought. Person. Personally, 
Sound. Signed. Reason. Bought. Gallon, Bushel. Sake. Railway, He. Here. Who. Earlv. 
Earliest. Shareholder, Stockholder, Last. Least. Had. Assure. Assurance. Insure. Sure. Slow. 
Solicit. Lumber. Insert. Ascertain. Pertain. Captain. Product. Rather. Prejudice. Prevent. 
Water. While. Wall. Angle. Thorough. Thoroughly. Announce. Bureau. Pleasant. S 
Steel. Iron. Glass. Wood, Whereas. Worry. Word. World. Aware. Award. Always, Away, 
Await. Awaiting. Worst. Already. Peculiar. Presume. Ourselves. Still. St 

.Months, Days, and Marks of Punctuation 

_J: ^ i ^ ^ i ^ ^ * ^ ^L 

.. J^ ^ ^^ Vr ^ i s --- £ T. 

January, February. March. April. May. June. July. August. September. October, No- 
vember, December. Sunday. Monday. Tuesday. Wednesday. Thursday, Fridav. Saturday. 
PERIOD. COLON. SEMI-COLON. COMMA. INTERROGATION. PARAGRAPH. 



57 

Business Letters 

tki 

- 1 

-^ -, <m- ^ ^ ^ So ^ = K^ «o ^ I— 

\- S \ ° 

_J ^^1 ia £p ]— r Cz= L J ^g ^a ^^ ^2 ^ ^ ^ ^ £ 

A, , ^ c ^£ k: . ,.. *_ ^— 2 ^<> %~ > ^ 



r -o "V. 



°\ v, ^^ ^-, t= c v^ ^ ^ <£= ^L_ g "T 7 



\> ; >^> — c — — — nr — a — ^v_ ^ ~^ — h- 

-) <? ^ * . ^2 ** ^ ^. ' g *'«' *P 



-1 



7 



A representative of the A. T. & T. Co. called on us today and advised that the contract 
with them for discount on the long distance coupons has been extended to cover local tolls as 
well as long distance tolls, but that the local tolls must be paid with coupons in the name of 
the Central District & Printing Telegraph Company, which operates in this territory. These 
C. D. & P. T. coupons can be obtained by you in the same way as the A. T. & T. coupons, 
and at the same rate; they are simply required to be in the name of the local company for 
convenience in bookkeeping. 

We have thought best to advise you of this arrangement so that you may be prepared 
to meet our requirements for such coupons covering local tolls. Within the next six months 
we shall be able to use $200 worth. 

Yours truly, 

. No JL 



-* > =* ** ^ / ^o ~ = **— 

, - 04L , -j = ^ * , r * / - I 7> fa 

i. Ck ^— — c t =f — , g^ — l — -A — ^ — ^3 — U 



- ^O ' t t^ 9 7 ^ t — ^ £ ' = zr — — " -5= 



^j L C — SL 3 S^ ^ J ^ c ^r 



A 



^ r cP 



7 



Gentlemen: 

On August 29th we sent you proofs of the printing for register supplies and requested 
you to examine, correct, and 0. K. the proofs and return same to us, when your order would 
have our careful attention. 



58 



We have not vet received the proofs, and as the type composing the forms still remain 
standing, pending the return of proofs, we are deprived of the use of this type: and during 
this busy season we have ample use for it. Therefore, as a special request, we ask you not 
to delay the return of the proofs any longer. 

In the event that you have mislaid the jv - . -.: you. we enclose herewith another 

- : : for your approval. 

Yours verv trulv. 






i 








•^f 




- 


- 


-< 


-<- 


; 


r 


- 






CX - 


-X - - 




_ 












- 


.*- 


f 




_ 




% 




^V - 








--= 




f 




c 


S' 










- 


« - 




J*" 










\j 


+ 


^ 


._ 






j - 








:_ 




f 


' 


_- 










^ 






--. 


k* 




• 



W. H. Mullens I 

Salem. Ohio. 
Gentlemen: 

Your favor of the 14th inst., with spe~ Sea - - : received, and in reply will say 

aid not build a boat pre We carry a large stock of our de- 

signs on hand, and owing to our peculiar meth< - -zruction it would be impossible to 

get out a special boat without going to a large expense, in fact an expense out of all propor- 
tion to the real value of the b H We think our 1905 catalogue, which we are today 
sending you. will contain boats which, while not corresponding in every detail to your 
speci£cations, will be found satisfact> arj - .- use. We would refer you to a few of the 
designs shown on pages 24 to 30. 

We are glad to see that you are somewhat familiar with our boats, as we have sold a 
number of them for use at Oakmont Park, and would like to till your order for this boat and 
hope you can make some of our handsome designs shown in catalogue suit your requirements. 
We can promise prompt shipment. 

Yours verv trulv. 



i^JL 



r * « 



£? 



A* 



^ 



-* ^ 



59 

Gentlemen: 

We are returning you enclosed two bills which we have received this morning. On bill 

of April 20th- kindly put car number; and in future, please render all bills in duplicate, 

obliging, 

Yours truly, 



% 



